HP 5060A Cesium Beam Frequency Standard


Fig 1 Front	Fig 2 Rear

Fig 3 Top Inside	Fig 4 Bottom Inside

Fig 5 Control Panel	Fig 6 Manual

Fig 7 Power Cord

Used Cesium Standards

Cesium frequency standards work by squirting Cesium atoms from a reservoir that's heated to boil off some atoms from a small piece of cesium liquid metal. These atoms are processed is such a way that they become an atomic frequency standard. The problem is that there is a finite life to the Cesium source and when it's used up the whole physics package needs to be replaced.

Another problem is that the physics package operates under a hard vacuum. To maintain this vacuum there's an internal ion pump. If the unit is left in storage without power the ions in the physics package accumulate and when the unit is powered up some time will be needed to pull them out. After some years of storage it may not be possible to get the hard vacuum and the unit will be dead.

Symmetricom sells a universal Cesium physics package for about $16,000 plus installation. Most of the used Cesium standards on the market are there because they have either died or are about to die.

History

Prior to working Cesium beam frequency standards the official meter was defined by an invar rod (i.e. a real physical standard). Today a meter is defined based on the distance that light travels in a specified time. The definition of a second was also changed from being based on the rotation of the Earth to the Cesium clock since the Earth speeds up and slows down. Of all the things that can be measured time (or frequency, time interval, etc.) is the one that can be measured with the most precision.

The HP Cesium standards became the world's common time standard. As of 2005 Agilent (formerly the Test & Measurement division of HP) is selling off their Cesium standard business to Symmetricom.

1948 - Harold Lyons at NBS starts work on an amonia based atomic clock
1955 - Louis Essen at the National Physical Lab in the UK comes up with the idea for a Cesium clock and the first one is built. Note that the NPL unit was a clock that kept Cesium based time for the three years needed to do a correlation study with the USNO (and probably ran longer than that). The U.S. standard was moved from the East coast to Colorado and was more a frequency standard than a clock.
1964 - The HP 5060A, a cesium-beam standard instrument, gains worldwide recognition as the "flying clock." International standards for time set by flying the HP 5060A around the world. Accuracy 2E-11, Precision 1E-11, uses 5 MHz Xtal oscillator.
1967 - HP acquires the rights to make the Cesium Beam Tube from Varian, Beverly Mass.
1982 - FTS introduces microporcessor controlled Cesium standards
1987 - 5061B Cesium Beam Standard - Accuracy 4 or 6E-12, Settability 1E-13, has 10 MHz output

    5065A Rubidium Frequency Standard, 5 MHz output
    105B Quartz Oscillator, 5 MHz
    5089A 22 - 28 VDC Standby Power Supply 67# 7" high rack box
1989, 1990, 1991, 1992 - same offering
1993 5071A Primary Frequency Standard introduced (first microprocessor HP unit almost 10 years after FTS), Accuracy 1.5E-12 Setability resolution 6.3E-15, RS-232 remote control. 10 MHz output ,   5065A Rb dropped
1995 - 58000A Time and Frequency Reference Distribution Module, 58503A GPS Time and Frequency Reference , 10811D/E Oscillators, E1750A 100 kHz to 10 MHz distribution amp in VXI format, E1752A 1PPS dist. amp in VXI format.
1997, 1998 - 55000 Ultra-Precise Time and Frequency Systems
2000 - 58502A 12 chan sine wave dist amp, 58503B GPS T&F Reference instrument, 58533A GPS T&F Reference box

Continuous Operation

Now that the 5060A has been running for a number of days with the "Continuos operation" light always on, it just needed some time to settle down.
When all is well you get the "continuous operation" light.

C Field Adjustment
There is an adjustment for changing the magnetic field around the Cs beam tube.
This has the effect of tweaking the output frequency.
The scale of the 10-turn knob is about 1E-9 per turn, or 1E-10 for 1/10 of a turn (big division), or 1E-11 for 1/100 of a turn (one tick mark).
You can see that's it's not easy to get the Cs source set to within better than 1E-11.
This appears to be like the PRS10 which has a very high Q Rubidium oscillator but the actual frequency depends on a number of subtle factors.
It's questionable to me which is the better timekeeper, the old 5060A (1E-11 spec) or the new PRS10 (1E-12 spec)?
The life of the PRS10 will be much longer than any Cs source but the newest Agilent 5071A will provide better stability.
The manual says that the C Field adjustment is to set the correct hyperfine transition using a injected audio signal at the Zeeman frequency.
But the specifications clearly say that the fine frequency adjustment is 1E-9 per revolution or 1E-10 per division (10 divisions per revolution).

26 July 2005 - Note even though the actual operating frequency can not be set as accurately as newer standards, because of being a Cesium standard the frequency will be constant (i.e. it will not drift). By using a GPS timing receiver the actual frequency can be determined and then backed out of measurements made. So for measurement applications it's as good as a modern standard.

Description

The two main cylinders inside on the top are the Cs physics package and the 5 MHz crystal oscillator. This crystal oscillator is used in a number of other HP products.

It is based on the idea of having a large thermal mass surrounded by a double oven that uses a proportional controller rather than a bang bang controller.
The electronics are contained in metal boxes on the bottom side.

Condition

This is a used unit that has scratches and dings. The physics package seems to be working, but the 1 Mc divider does not start. An adjustment may be needed or a repair. Since the 1 Mc divider is not working then the 100 kc divider can't work.

Start Up Instructions

These instructions are intended for starting a unit that has just been received or has not been used for some time.

First take the top and bottom covers off and look to make sure all modules are there and cables connected inside
Place the mode switch to osc. only.
Connect AC power. (if you don't have a cord you can make a temporary cord with some matching pins)
With circuit check 2 switch in supply verify a reading of about 8.
If OK so far place the switch to ion pump I.
Then place the mode switch to loop open.

Once the cycling stops the Cesium oven reading should drop to approx. 4 in about 30 minutes.
The in oven and out oven readings should drop in about 4 and 2 hours.
Now with mod switch off and meter 2 in beam I position connect a frequency counter to the 5 Mhz output.
Slowly adjust the coarse oscillator adj. back and forth across 5 Mhz by about plus/minus 1 Hz while watching the beam I meter.
Set the adj. for the central peak.

Now place mode to operate.

This is a quick check only. If the peaks are present while tuning through 5 Mhz this is a good sign that the tube is operating, but you would need to run it at least 100 hours to make sure the levels stay stable. However not seeing them could be the result of other circuit failures.

Note that once you have the 5060A locked, it can be unplugged and later just plugged in and will just lock by it's self.

Links

50^th Anniversary of the First Accurate Cesium Atomic Clock - The NPL Cesium standard was very stable
Clock.Time Lord…. Louis Essen D.Sc., F.R.S. - about the inventor of the Cesium standard (Need IE not Netscape to see it.)
History of Atomic Frequency Standards: A Trip Through 20th Century Physics -
Time & Frequency - scanned items of historical interest -
NPL - How an atomic clock works - practice
Louis Essen 1908-1997 -
Fifty years of atomic clocks -
YouTube: HP 5061A Cesium Clock - 2020 March 20

Patents

2993638 Electrical vacuum pump apparatus and method, Lewis D Hall, John C Helmer, Robert L Jepsen, Varian Medical Systems Inc, App:1957-07-24 - HP licensed from Varian.

Varian Associates (Wiki, patents) was founded by Russell and Siguard Varian. I don't remember which of them asked my mother out on a date while they were both at Stanford, but she refused. The products they made mostly relied on ultra high vacuum technology (Wiki). Wiki says Varian made a fuse (sic: Fuze) for the atomic bomb. That may be the Kryton Tube.
2894209 Gyromagnetic resonance apparatus, Chodorow Marvin, Russell H Varian, Varian, App: 1953-07-13, - I think this is the Backward-Wave Oscillator (Wiki: BWO). Prior to this Klystrons (Wiki) and Traveling Wave Tubes (Wiki: TWT) were common. Also see the MIT Rad Lab books. The BWO was the heart of the first generation of microwave sweep oscillators.
I didn't know that the BWO made an excellent RADAR jammer until reading the Wiki BWO page. Which references:
Navy Electrical Engineering Training Series (NEETS): Module 11, Microwave Principles.pdf 229 pages - 2.3.6 The Backward-Wave Oscillator. but no mention about radar jamming.
2999448 Dust free work bench apparatus, Robert A Abler, Floyd L Becker, David G Clifford, Varian, App: 1958-03-06, - The laminar flow (Wiki) work bench that makes use of HEPA (Wiki) filters is ubiquitous in Silicon Valley in semiconductor and hard drive manufacturing as well as many other situations where low airborne particle count is important.
Also see:
Russell: First? star tracker 2462925 on MD-1 web page
Russell: Top Secret radio based Proximity Fuse 3269314 on China Lake Patents web page.

5148122 Atomic beam frequency standard having RF chain with higher frequency oscillator September 15, 1992 331/3; 331/94.1
5146184 Atomic clock system with improved servo system September 8, 1992 331/3; 331/79

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