Lights

"The replacement of candles and lamps by gas worked a revolution, not only in the convenience of artificial lighting, but in its hygienic relations.  The older illuminants in proportion to their luminous effect removed prodigious amounts of oxygen from the air and gave off large quantities of carbonic acid.  In the days of candles a brilliantly lighted room was almost of necessity one in which the air was bad."

and

"It is somewhat startling to realize, but very desirable to remember, that a common gas burner will vitiate the air of a room as much as four or five persons, in so far, at least, as vitiation can be defined by change in the chemical composition of the air."

This is still a problem for women and children in third world countries because they are mostly in the home which uses flame based light and cooking.

Carbon Arc lights (Wiki: Carbon arc lamp) predate heated filament Edison type lamps.  They were used in radar controlled W.W. II search lights, lantern slide and movie projectors, inside lights for large public meeting halls, etc. 

There are some modern arc lamps that use Tungsten instead of carbon electrodes (Wiki: Arc Lamp, ) for automotive headlights (HID) and other applications where a very bright light is needed.  Different gases can be used in the lamp such as (Wiki links follow:) Neon, Argon, Xenon, Krypton, Sodium, metal halide, Mercury vapor.  Vietnam era VSS-1/GSS-14 or VSS-3 Xenon arc lights were fitted on tanks and gun trucks, some with near IR filters to they were not typically visible to the enemy.

All (Wiki:fluorescent lamps) are really Mercury vapor arc lamps with a (Wiki: phosphor) coating on the inside of the glass to convert the UV to visible light.  This includes the Compact Fluorescent lamps that are green in the sense of using less electricity but not green in the sense of having Mercury inside them.

Mantle type lamps produce much more light than wick type lamps.  But mantle lamps do not have a hot body spectrum but instead have narrow peaks in the spectrum due to the rare earth elements that are impregnated into the mantle (Wiki).  This is very similar to the "white" LEDs now on the market or to florescent lights.

This would include whale oil lamps, kerosene lamps, gasoline, diesel, etc.
580569  Lantern, Apr 13, 1897, 362/159 - wick type bicycle lantern
Aladdin (kerosene) - wick heats mantle
Coleman Kero-Lite  - wick heats mantle

Petromax (almost any liquid fuel) - pressurized liquid, vaporized then burned without wick - Wiki
I think the US GI M1950 gas single burner stove is from the Petromax design and was also made by Coleman as their camping stove.
The original air pump was made like a small version of a bicycle tire pump using leather as the seal.  The O-Ring modification replaces the leather with an O-ring making for a better seal.

Safety - to prevent the flame from igniting an explosive atmosphere.
Wolf - still makes electric lamps for explosive atmospheres, some are powered by compressed air

These are mostly Gas mantle types.  This would include natural gas like was used for public lamps or propane like in camping lamps. 

Also "carbide lamps" that combine water and calcium carbide to make acetylene gas.  Note that you can not compress acetylene gas, but instead it needs to be absorbed in a liquid, like in welding tanks.  The carbide lamps typically have a long skinny white flame that puts out soot.  There are small versions of this lamp made to apply the soot to gun sights to make them black (to reduce the reflection of the sun).

Limelight is when Calcium Oxide is heated like with an oxygen-hydrogen flame.

656874 Acetylene Gas Lamp, Aug 28, 1900, 48/29 ; 48/4
1053516 Acetylene Lamp Feb 8, 1913 362/160 ; 48/4

Candles are the most common but there are also chemical pellets what will burn.  A wood fire makes light and heat.

This was one of Edison's inventions.
223898 Electric Lamp, T.A. Edison, Jan 27, 1880, 313/315 ; 201/25; 252/502; 264/29.2; 264/DIG.19; 313/333; 313/344; 313/578 -  uses a heated filament.  Does not include the Edison base.
Note that a filament type lamp will last longer if the filament is horizontal.  If the filament is vertical then the top gets hotter and fails sooner.  Most bulbs are designed to be either screwed into an overhead fixture or a table lamp but if that same bulb is screwed into a makeup mirror it will fail sooner.  There's a trade off in how long a filament lamp will operate and it's rated voltage and brightness.  Also there is a cost associated with bulb replacement.  All of these need to be taken into account when deciding which bulb is a "better buy".

Household Edison Screw Base Lamps

The standard screw base for light bulbs in the U.S. is the so called E26.  This is really a 1" base (25.4 mm) rounded up to 26 mm.  In Europe, for an unknown reason, they use E27 for light bulbs. I suspect the E26 and E27 are interchangeable.

There are also arc type lamps.  Gas filled lamps like neon get their color from the gas used.  Electroluminescent (Wiki:EL) lamps use a very small amount of power but degrade with use and do not look nice after a year or more.  Light Emitting Diodes (LED) and the newer Organic LEDs are semiconductor junctions that emit light.  The fluorescent lamp is an electrical discharge type light source and the compact fluorescent is very energy efficient, but contains Mercury.
514170 Incandescent Electrical Light, N. Tesla, Feb 6, 1894, 313/315 - now called a plasma lamp.

A strobe light is only on for a very short amount of time, but is very bright.  Although there are Xenon arc lamps that can be on all the time, they are very specialized.

When a fluorescent lamp bulb is in an RF field it will glow even though it's not connected to anything.
Livermore, Calif - Longest burning light bulb -" The improved incandescent lamp, invented by Adolphe A. Chaillet, was made by the Shelby Electric Company. It is a hand blown bulb with carbon filament. Approximate wattage-4 watts. Left burning continuously in firehouse as a nightlight over the fire trucks."
Museum of Historic Discharge Lamps

See the Magnetic Levitating Lamp which uses a low voltage "Filament" COB (Chip On Board) lamp that has the look of an antique lamp.

Light sticks work based on a chemical reaction. 

When they are activated they give off light.  Commonly used in Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT) and fluorescent lamps, white LEDs, light sticks.
Some laundry detergents have phosphors to make the whites look whiter (they glow under UV light).
A phosphor can be activated by light (including UV or black light), electrons, radioactivity or chemically.
A scintillator can be a crystal, plastic or liquid that emits a photon of light when it absorbs electromagnetic or atomic particle radiation.

Krill Light

This is the standard unit that takes two AA batteries.  The micro Krill Lamps use two AAA batteries.
The light output is slightly higher than a chemiluminescent glow stick and should last a lot longer and not dim during its life.
It does not light up a room, but could be used to read a book if very close to the printing.
When it's been dark for a little while and your eyes have become accustomed, this easily lights up a room enough that you can walk around.  It's also enough light to read by.  Quite impressive.

Labels on shipping tube:
NSN: 6320-01-464-8073
Cage: 09DF2
MFR: p/n: K-360-White
Krill Lamp, 360L White
1 ea.
SPM50005D5529
A-01/00

Fig 1 Shipping tube	Fig 2 Lamp off in room light

The Glow Stick (Wiki) China Lake patents: 3362378, 3375176, 3460507, 3697434, 3726802, 3728270, 3732413 work by means of Cyalume which produces chemiluminescent light.  The problem is that these only work for a few hours and then are disposable.  The Krill lights have much longer run times and replaceable AA or AAA batteries.

The Krill light uses a 3 Volt source (a couple of AA or AAA batteries depending on the model) converted to 80 to 100 Volts at 200 to 400 Hz AC which drives the phosphor based inorganic electroluminescent (Wiki) film.  DUREL 3 from Durel Corp.  Note this is very different than the organic electroluminescent lights that loose pixels as they age.

Durel Corp
5502357 Low cost inverter for EL lamp, Robert A. Kimball, Durel Corp, 1996-03-26, - 2 transistor, single coil
5711594 Tubular EL lamp, William E. Hay, Durel Corp, 1998-01-27, -
5789870 Low noise inverter for EL lamp, Joseph David Remson, Durel Corp, 1998-08-04, - "...without causing the lamp to produce sound." - more complex driver.
6043610 Battery operated power supply including a low level boost and a high level boost, Brian Jeffrey Buell, Durel Corp, 2000-03-28, - efficient at powering displays of 5 sq in or larger.  uses a charge pump per patent 5306954 prior to the EL lamp DC to AC converter per patent 4527096 which uses a bridge (maybe an H-bridge (Wiki)).
6091164 Single inverter with dual boost, Brian Jeffrey Buell, Durel Corp, 2000-07-18, - very cleaver a sort of H-Bridge where the top switches have been replaced with inductors.
6204609 Enhanced inverter for powering an EL lamp, Robert A. Kimball, Durel Corp, 2001-03-20, -
6611109 Infrared emitting EL lamp, Charles I. Zovko, Alan C. Thomas, Durel Corp, 2003-08-26, - the emitted IR energy is about 4X that of a chemiluminescent glow stick (6075322).
20030067274 EL lamp emitting encoded light, Edward Kinnally, Durel Corp, 2003-04-10, -


Krill has 3 patent numbers on end cap:
5711594 Tubular EL lamp, William E. Hay, Durel Corp, 1998-01-27, -
5929571 Self-contained electroluminescent marker and light, Kristin C. Pauly, 1999-07-27, - need for a flashlight with a limited amount of light (and a long run time); see the H53Fc  which will run 3.3 months at the lowest output setting!
6075322 Self-contained electroluminescent marker and light, Kristin C. Pauly, 2000-06-13, -

Generate light when struck by electrons, neutrons, photons or other ionizing radiation.  Also used in some LEDs to convert near UV to other colors like white.

/100 is Incandescent Mantle