Lights

"The replacement of candles and lamps by gas worked a revolution, not only in the convenience of artificial lighting, but in its hygienic relations.  The older illuminants in proportion to their luminous effect removed prodigious amounts of oxygen from the air and gave off large quantities of carbonic acid.  In the days of candles a brilliantly lighted room was almost of necessity one in which the air was bad."

and

"It is somewhat startling to realize, but very desirable to remember, that a common gas burner will vitiate the air of a room as much as four or five persons, in so far, at least, as vitiation can be defined by change in the chemical composition of the air."

Carbon Arc lights (Wiki: Carbon arc lamp) predate heated filament Edison type lamps.  They were used in radar controlled W.W. II search lights, lantern slide and movie projectors, inside lights for large public meeting halls, etc. 

There are some modern arc lamps that use Tungsten instead of carbon electrodes (Wiki: Arc Lamp, ) for automotive headlights (HID) and other applications where a very bright light is needed.  Different gases can be used in the lamp such as (Wiki links follow:) Neon, Argon, Xenon, Krypton, Sodium, metal halide, Mercury vapor.  Vietnam era VSS-1/GSS-14 or VSS-3 Xenon arc lights were fitted on tanks and gun trucks.

All fluorescent lamps are really Mercury vapor arc lamps with a phosphor coating on the inside of the glass to convert the UV to visible light.  This includes the Compact Fluorescent lamps that are green in the sense of using less electricity but not green in the sense of having Mercury inside them.

Mantle type lamps produce much more light than wick type lamps.  But mantle lamps do not have a hot body spectrum but instead have narrow peaks in the spectrum due to the rare earth elements that are impregnated into the mantle.  This is very similar to the "white" LEDs not one the market or to florescent lights.

This would include whale oil lamps, kerosene lamps, gasoline, diesel, etc.
580569  Lantern, Apr 13, 1897, 362/159 - wick type bicycle lantern
Aladdin (kerosene) - wick heats mantle
Coleman Kero-Lite  - wick heats mantle

Petromax (almost any liquid fuel) - pressurized liquid, vaporized then burned without wick - Wiki
I think the US GI M1950 gas single burner stove is from the Petromax design and was also made by Coleman as their camping stove.
The original air pump was made like a small version of a bicycle tire pump using leather as the seal.  The O-Ring modification replaces the leather with an O-ring making for a better seal.

Safety - to prevent the flame from igniting an explosive atmosphere.
Wolf - still makes electric lamps for explosive atmospheres, some are powered by compressed air

These are mostly Gas mantle types.  This would include natural gas like was used for public lamps or propane like in camping lamps. 

Also "carbide lamps" that combine water and calcium carbide to make acetylene gas.  Note that you can not compress acetylene gas, but instead it needs to be absorbed in a liquid, like in welding tanks.  The carbide lamps typically have a long skinny white flame that puts out soot.  There are small versions of this lamp made to apply the soot to gun sights to make them black (to reduce the reflection of the sun).

Limelight is when Calcium Oxide is heated like with an oxygen-hydrogen flame.

656874 Acetylene Gas Lamp, Aug 28, 1900, 48/29 ; 48/4
1053516 Acetylene Lamp Feb 8, 1913 362/160 ; 48/4

Candles are the most common but there are also chemical pellets what will burn.  A wood fire makes light and heat.

This was one of Edison's inventions.
223898 Electric Lamp, T.A. Edison, Jan 27, 1880, 313/315 ; 201/25; 252/502; 264/29.2; 264/DIG.19; 313/333; 313/344; 313/578 -  uses a heated filament. 
Note that a filament type lamp will last longer if the filament is horizontal.  If the filament is vertical then the top gets hotter and fails sooner.  Most bulbs are designed to be either screwed into an overhead fixture or a table lamp but if that same bulb is screwed into a makeup mirror it will fail sooner.  There's a trade off in how long a filament lamp will operate and it's rated voltage and brightness.  Also there is a cost associated with bulb replacement.  All of these need to be taken into account when deciding which bulb is a "better buy".

There are also arc type lamps.  Gas filled lamps like neon get their color from the gas used.  Electroluminescent lamps use a very small amount of power but degrade with use and do not look nice after a year or more.  Light Emitting Diodes (LED) and the newer Organic LEDs are semiconductor junctions that emit light.  The fluorescent lamp is an electrical discharge type light source and the compact fluorescent is very energy efficient.
514170 Incandescent Electrical Light, N. Tesla, Feb 6, 1894, 313/315 - now called a plasma lamp.

A strobe light is only on for a very short amount of time, but is very bright.

When a fluorescent lamp bulb is in an RF field it will glow even though it's not connected to anything.
Livermore, Calif - Longest burning light bulb -" The improved incandescent lamp, invented by Adolphe A. Chaillet, was made by the Shelby Electric Company. It is a hand blown bulb with carbon filament. Approximate wattage-4 watts. Left burning continuously in firehouse as a nightlight over the fire trucks."
Museum of Historic Discharge Lamps

Light sticks work based on a chemical reaction. 

When they are activated they give off light.  Commonly used in Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT) and fluorescent lamps, white LEDs, night sticks.
Some laundry detergents have phosphors to make the whites look whiter (they glow under UV light).
A phosphor can be activated by light (including UV or black light), electrons, radioactivity or chemically.
A scintillator can be a crystal, plastic or liquid that emits a photon of light when it absorbs electromagnetic or atomic particle radiation.

Generate light when struck by electrons, nutrons, photons or other ionizing radiation.  Also used in some LEDs to convert near UV to other colors like white.

/100 is Incandescent Mantle